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| Branding persons ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Human branding
Human branding or stigmatizing is the process in which a mark, usually a symbol or ornamental pattern, is burned into the skin of a living person, with the intention that the resulting scar makes it permanent. This is performed using a hot or very cold branding iron. It therefore uses the physical techniques of livestock branding on a human, either with consent as a form of body modification; or under coercion, as a punishment or to identify an enslaved or otherwise oppressed person. It may also be practiced as a "rite of passage", e.g. within a tribe, or to signify membership of or acceptance into an organization.
==Etymology==
The English verb to ''burn'', attested since the 12th century, is a combination of Old Norse ''brenna'' "to burn, light", and two originally distinct Old English verbs: ''bærnan'' "to kindle" (transitive) and ''beornan'' "to be on fire" (intransitive), both from the Proto-Germanic root ''bren(wanan)'', perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European root ''bhre-n-u'', from base root ''bhereu-'' "to boil forth, well up." In Dutch, ''(ver)branden'' mean "to burn", ''brandmerk'' a branded mark; similarly, in German, ''Brandzeichen'' means "a brand" and ''brandmarken'', "to brand".
Sometimes the word ''cauterize'' is used. This is known in English since 1541, and is derived via Medieval French ''cauteriser'' from Late Latin ''cauterizare'' "to burn or brand with a hot iron", itself from Greek καυτηριάζειν, ''kauteriazein'', from καυτήρ ''kauter'' "burning or branding iron", from καίειν ''kaiein'' "to burn". However ''cauterization'' is now generally understood to mean a medical process – specifically to stop bleeding.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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